en تخصصي Special Review Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Introduction</span></span></b><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">: The difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is not the severity of the disease, but the degree of its spread. Pandemics, unlike epidemics, cut across international borders. In this article, the moral challenges of societies during the occurrence of pandemic diseases (such as Covid-19, Sars, etc.) have been investigated.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Material and Methods</span></span></b><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">: Conceptual analysis method is used in this article. Related keywords were used in the search of materials and 44 articles were collected from Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Proquest and Elsevier databases and their examples were used according to the purpose.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Conclusion</span></span></b><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">: In this study, ethical challenges are divided into three categories: challenges related to sharing facilities, challenges related to providing or not providing medical services, and the challenge of how to react when faced with a controversial and possibly unethical situation. Then these challenges were examined from the perspective of ethical theories. </span></span><span lang="EN"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">The result of the analysis indicated that the philosophies of utilitarianism, virtuism, and </span></span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">truth-orientedness are not suitable for reasoning, justifying, and acting in difficult situations during pandemics. The philosophy of Justicialism, deontologism, and truth-orientedness are better, and with the help of a combination of the three mentioned theories, a model can be presented for three types of difficult situations in pandemic diseases.</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</span></span></div> Ethical challenges, Epidemic, Pandemic, Ethical theories 20 30 http://ijethics.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-326-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Jack Anderias andreiaspj@hotmail.com 10031947532846003528 10031947532846003528 No Department of social and behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA Thomas Karlston thomaskarl@gmail.com 10031947532846003529 10031947532846003529 Yes Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Colombia University, New York, USA John Pears pearsjohn01@yahoo.com 10031947532846003530 10031947532846003530 No Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Colombia University, New York, USA