Tue, May 19, 2026
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1- Ph.D. Student, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2- Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran ,r.nikkhah@urmia.ac.ir
3- Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2- Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran ,
3- Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Abstract: (21 Views)
Introduction: Determining the legal framework and contractual format of oil and gas contracts determines the principles and regulations governing the contract. Given that the oil and gas sector is one of the most important sectors in terms of environmental pollution (sea, land and air) and endangering animal and plant life, which consequently poses a serious challenge to human society, it is necessary to consider ethical and environmental obligations in oil and gas contracts. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of ethical and environmental obligations in oil and gas contracts in the legal systems of Iran and Iraq.
Material and Methods: The research was a review method. In order to achieve the goal of the research, information gathered from scientific journal and books for investigating ethical and environmental obligations in oil and gas contracts.
Conclusion: Oil operations such as exploration, development, exploitation, transportation and refining of oil have destructive effects on the environment, which can be controlled and reduced with measures. In this context, governments try to reduce the negative consequences of oil operations on the environment by enacting laws and regulations and including obligations for contractors in oil and gas contracts. Since environmental issues deal with the territories of the sea, land and air, this issue should be given serious attention in oil and gas contracts. In the legal systems of Iran and Iraq, it is foreseen that in upstream oil and gas contracts concluded between the employer and the contractor, ethical and environmental rules and obligations are applied by the employer, and compliance with them will also be mandatory by the contractors.
Material and Methods: The research was a review method. In order to achieve the goal of the research, information gathered from scientific journal and books for investigating ethical and environmental obligations in oil and gas contracts.
Conclusion: Oil operations such as exploration, development, exploitation, transportation and refining of oil have destructive effects on the environment, which can be controlled and reduced with measures. In this context, governments try to reduce the negative consequences of oil operations on the environment by enacting laws and regulations and including obligations for contractors in oil and gas contracts. Since environmental issues deal with the territories of the sea, land and air, this issue should be given serious attention in oil and gas contracts. In the legal systems of Iran and Iraq, it is foreseen that in upstream oil and gas contracts concluded between the employer and the contractor, ethical and environmental rules and obligations are applied by the employer, and compliance with them will also be mandatory by the contractors.
Keywords: Ethical and environmental obligations, Contract, Obligations of the parties, Oil and gas contract
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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