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1- Department of Law, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran , amirkhaniehsan.lawyer@gmail.com
2- Department of Law, Sonqor Center, Payame Noor University, Kermanshah, Iran
2- Department of Law, Sonqor Center, Payame Noor University, Kermanshah, Iran
Abstract: (24 Views)
Introduction: Criminal adjudication, as one of the most complex domains of justice, lies at the intersection of human cognition, ethical obligations, and legal norms. In recent decades, interdisciplinary studies in cognitive psychology and moral philosophy have demonstrated that judicial judgment is not merely a logical and impartial process; rather, it is influenced by a range of mental biases, social contexts, and institutional pressures. Moreover, the extensive discretion exercised by judges in interpreting the law and determining punishment can, if applied without ethical guidance and cognitive self-awareness, divert justice from its intended path. Comparative analyses of various legal systems reveal that the methods for constraining biases, regulating discretion, and strengthening professional ethics depend heavily on the institutional structure and legal culture of each country.
Material and Methods: This paper employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the topic. Based on the extracted information from articles and resource books, discussion of the article is written by authors and conclusion is exactly written based on discussion.
Conclusion: The present study shows that achieving criminal justice requires the interweaving of three foundational dimensions: cognition, law, and ethics. Law provides the external framework of justice; ethics gives it internal meaning; and cognition reveals the limitations and possibilities of the human mind in this process. Successful legal systems often attain a dynamic balance between discretion and impartiality through a combination of cognitive training, codified ethical standards, and institutional transparency. Thus, justice in adjudication is not the result of eliminating biases but of managing them intelligently through moral conscience and structural design.
Material and Methods: This paper employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the topic. Based on the extracted information from articles and resource books, discussion of the article is written by authors and conclusion is exactly written based on discussion.
Conclusion: The present study shows that achieving criminal justice requires the interweaving of three foundational dimensions: cognition, law, and ethics. Law provides the external framework of justice; ethics gives it internal meaning; and cognition reveals the limitations and possibilities of the human mind in this process. Successful legal systems often attain a dynamic balance between discretion and impartiality through a combination of cognitive training, codified ethical standards, and institutional transparency. Thus, justice in adjudication is not the result of eliminating biases but of managing them intelligently through moral conscience and structural design.
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© 2026 CC BY 4.0 | International Journal of Ethics and Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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